if nanoparticles enter cells, is there an effect on cellular functions quality of materialcharacterization as new toxicological risks that derive from novel materials and delivery systems are identified, new tests will be required to ascertain safety and efficacy industry and academia need to plan and conduct the research to identify potential risks and to develop adequate characterization methodologies what are the forms in which particles are presented to host, tissues, organs, organelles and cells what are the critical physical and chemical properties, including residual solvents, processing variables, fluconazole 150mg dosage impurities and excipients what are the standard tools used for this characterization what are the validated assays to detect and quantify nanoparticles in tissues, medical products, foods and processing equipment how do physical fluconazole 150mg dosage characteristics impact product quality and performance how do we determine long fluconazole 150mg dosage and shortterm stability of nanomaterials en vironmen tal considera hons can fluconazole 150mg dosage nanoparticles be released into the environment following human and animal use what methodologies would identify the nature and quantify the extent of nanoparticle release in the environment what might be the environmental impact on other species eg animals, fish, plants, microorganisms as the materials and the techniques used to manufacture the novel formulations may not have fluconazole 150mg dosage prior art to refer to as a standard, there is an additional burden on the pharmabiotech industry to carry out a detailed fluconazole 150mg dosage evaluation of the system to generate sufficient database for successful industrialization of the product some of the industrially relevant criteria include understanding fluconazole 150mg dosage the relationship between the physicochemical properties and product performance, effect of process and formulation variables on product characteristics, development of analytical tools fluconazole 150mg dosage and specifications to regulate product quality, accelerated stability testing as per standard protocols to propose a reliable shelflife, product scaleup to mass production and establishment of manufacturing standards and development of reference materialsstandards fluconazole 150mg dosage as guidelines for quality assurance development of validated testing methodsprotocols and establishment of reference standards through a thorough and logical process remains to fluconazole 150mg dosage be the major responsibility of the industry for convincing the fda to get product approval while considering the application of a polymeric nanoparticlesbased formulation, the fda may want the industry to include evidence for the parameters listed below particle size and size distribution surface area, surface chemistry, surface coating and porosity hydrophilicity and surface charge fluconazole 150mg dosage density purity and quality stability on shelf and upon administration manufacturing and controls drug release parameters and bioequivalence testing considerations conclusion and outlook under the light of current literature ie articles, books, patents fluconazole 150mg dosage and information posted on the nanotech company websites and the product pipelines of leading pharmabiotech companies, it is evident that we would fluconazole 150mg dosage be seeing many nanotechnologybased pharmaceutical products in this century table lists few of the important products in the drug delivery pipeline that are based on polymeric nanoparticles it is likely that the oral formulations would dominate this specialized segment of novel dosage forms the chemicalpolymer industry has been feeding the drug delivery scientists with a variety fluconazole 150mg dosage of biopolymers, having wide range of specialized properties nanoparticles made from fluconazole 150mg dosage the biopolymers are likely to dominate the novel drug delivery systems in the oral market because of the costtobenefit ratio, excellent stability, flexibility for industrial production and a voluminous database available, with respect to the regulatory issues addressed earlier polymeric nanoparticles are also being fluconazole 150mg dosage explored for topical applications and as sterile dosage forms for ophthalmic, nasal, subcutaneous and intravenous applications there are several other potential nanoparticles technologies which fall outside the coverage of this chapter, which are based on nanoparticles made from the drugs themselves they are termed fluconazole 150mg dosage as nanosuspensions, nanocrystals or insoluble drug delivery technologies essentially, all of them are colloidal dispersions of pure drug particles that are stabilized by polymers, surfactants or lipids they are synthesized either by physical fluconazole 150mg weaning off toprol xl dosage eg size reduction by milling or chemical eg change in solubility fluconazole 150mg dosage induced by ph or solvent exchange means in the presence of stabilizing agents the striking advantage of these technologies is the high drug loading efficiency and the simplicity associated with its production these have been the first to roll out from the research and development scale to the industrial production scale under nanoparticle category rapamune� oral solution and tablets table product pipeline of polymeric nanoparticles source pharmaprojects technology bioactive compound company route of delivery france of amino acids bioalliance, france polyisohexyl doxorubicin intravenous cyanoacrylate nanoparticles munich biotech drug nanoparticles fluconazole 150mg dosage paclitaxel intravenous germany biosante, usa calcium phospahte insulin oral nanoparticles targesome, fluconazole 150mg dosage usa selfassembling lipid therapeutic intravenous nanospheres diagnostic american albumindrug paclitaxel intravenous fluconazole 150mg dosage bioscience, usa nanoparticles advectus life polybutylcyanoacrylate doxorubicin intravenous sciences, canada nanoparticles nanocarrier, japan micellar nanoparticles water insoluble drugs wyeth drug nanoparticles rapamycin oral novavax, usa flamel technologies micellar nanoparticles medusa� nanoparticles testosterone insulin fluconazole 150mg dosage interferon subcutaneous subcutaneous pharmaceuticals, usa containing sirolimus from wyeth and sangcya� oral solution from sangstat corporation containing cya if the science of pharmaceutical product development is undergoing a transformation from a traditional pharmaceutics to a more innovative molecular or nanopharmaceutics, the major credit would be taken by a combination of polymer based systems and nanoparticles it is more of a belief than a hope that the polymeric nanoparticles would address many of the therapeutic issues that are posing hurdles to a formulation scientist in this century references wilson � and waugh a anatomy and physiology in health and illness churchill fluconazole 150mg dosage 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